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╨╟═-64 ╨ROGRAM ╟RAPHICS ═ANAGEMENT ON THE ├OMMODORE 64 ┬Y ─AVID ╨. ─ARUS, ╦EN ╞RENCH, AND ╠OUIS ╥. ╫ALLACE ╧RIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN ├OMMODORE ╨OWER/╨LAY -- ╞EBRUARY/═ARCH 1986 ╨╟═ ├OMMAND ╙UMMARY ------------------- ┬┴╙┼ ┴──╥┼╙╙ = ┬┴ ┬┴ = 33792 ┴├╘╔╓┴╘┼ ╨╟═ ╙┘╙ ┬┴ ┴CTIVATE INITIALIZES THE ╨╟═ OPERATING SYSTEM. ╘HIS MUST BE PRECEDED BY ╙┼╘ ┴──╥┼╙╙. ─┼┴├╘╔╓┴╘┼ ╨╟═ ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 3 ─EACTIVATES THE ╨╟═ OPERATING SYSTEM. ╙┼╘ ┴──╥┼╙╙ ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 6,┬ITMAP LOCATION, HIRES COLOR MEMORY LOCATION ╙┼╘ ┴──╥┼╙╙ DETERMINES WHERE IN ╥┴═ THE HIGH-RESOLUTION SCREEN AND ITS ASSOCIATED COLOR MEMORY RESIDE. ╔T SHOULD BE THE FIRST ╨╟═ COMMAND IN YOUR PROGRAM AND IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWED BY ┴├╘╔╓┴╘┼ ╨╟═. ┬ITMAP SCREENS CAN BE LOCATED IN SEVERAL PLACES. ╘HE ADDRESSES ARE 8192 ($2000), 16384 ($4000), 20480 ($5000), 24576 ($6000), 40960 ($┴000) AND 57344 ($┼000). ╫E SUGGEST YOU USE 57344 (UNDER THE KERNAL) FOR YOUR SCREENS, BECAUSE IT WILL NOT REQUIRE YOU TO GIVE UP ANY PROGRAMMING ╥┴═ AND WILL STILL LEAVE ROOM FOR SPRITE DATA. ╔F THE BITMAP SCREEN IS NOT UNDER ┬┴╙╔├ OR THE KERNAL, CHECK WITH THE ├OMMODORE 64 ╨ROGRAMMER'S ╥EFERENCE ╟UIDE FOR SAFE LOCATIONS FOR HIGH-RESOLUTION COLOR. ╔F YOU ARE USING THE ╥┴═ UNDER THE KERNAL FOR YOUR SCREEN, 52224 IS A VERY GOOD LOCATION FOR HIGH-RESOLUTION COLOR MEMORY BECAUSE IT LEAVES 3╦ FREE FROM 49152-52223 FOR SPRITES AND CHARACTER SETS. ╔F YOU ARE ALREADY USING THE ╥┴═ UNDER ┬┴╙╔├, THEN PUT YOUR COLOR MEMORY AT 32768 ($8000); BUT THERE WILL NOT BE ROOM FOR SPRITES IN THAT BANK. ┬╙┴╓┼ ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 9,START ADDRESS,END ADDRESS,"FILENAME(,TYPE)" ┬╙┴╓┼ ALLOWS YOU TO SAVE SECTIONS OF ╥┴═ MEMORY TO DISK AS A FILE. ╘HIS IS ESPECIALLY USEFUL FOR SCREEN DATA, COLOR MEMORIES, SPRITES, CHARACTER DATA OR COMPRESSED DATA. ┬╠╧┴─ ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 12,LOAD ADDRESS, "FILENAME(,TYPE)" ┬╠╧┴─ ALLOWS YOU TO LOAD ANY BINARY PROGRAM (SCREENS, SPRITES, CHARACTER SETS OR MACHINE CODE) FROM DISK INTO MEMORY. ┴FTER YOU PERFORM A ┬╠╧┴─, THE END ADDRESS OF THE LOADED FILE CAN BE FOUND BY USING THE ┬┴╙╔├ STATEMENT: ┴─ = ╨┼┼╦ (781) + ╨EEK (782)*256 ╘HIS MUST BE DONE IMMEDIATELY AFTER ┬╠╧┴─ING THE FILE. ─╧╙ ├╧══┴╬─╙ ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 15,"─╧╙ COMMAND" ╘HE ─╧╙ COMMANDS CAN BE ANY LEGAL DISK MAINTENANCE COMMAND. ┼XAMPLES ARE: ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 15,"$" ╠OAD A DIRECTORY TO THE SCREEN. ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 15,"╙0:FILENAME" ╙CRATCH A FILE CALLED "FILENAME." ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 15,"╬0:DISKNAME,╔─" ╞ORMAT A DISK. ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 15,"" ╥EAD ERROR CHANNEL. ╞╔╠╠ ═┼═╧╥┘ ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 18, START ADDRESS, END ADDRESS, FILL VALUE ╞ILL MEMORY WILL PUT A GIVEN VALUE (0-255) INTO ANY SPECIFIED RANGE OF ╥┴═. ┴N EXAMPLE: ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 18,57344,65343,0 ├LEAR ╥┴═ UNDER ╦ERNEL ╪╞┼╥ ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 21, START ADDRESS, END ADDRESS, DESTINATION, REVERSE VALUE ╪╞┼╥ WILL TRANSFER ANY SECTION OF ╥┴═ TO ANY OTHER SECTION OF ╥┴═, AND CAN OPTIONALLY ┼╧╥ THAT MEMORY. ┴ REVERSE VALUE OF ZERO LEAVES IT UNCHANGED; 255 WILL REVERSE THE AREA (LIKE A BITMAP) AND ANY OTHER VALUE WILL ENCRYPT IT AS A FUNCTION OF THE REVERSE VALUE. ╚╔╥┼╙ ╧╬ ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 24 ╘HIS PUTS THE COMPUTER IN HIGH-RESOLUTION MODE. ╘HE ╙┼╘ ┴──╥┼╙╙ AND ┴├╘╔╓┴╘┼ COMMANDS SHOULD HAVE BEEN ALREADY ISSUED. ╚╔╥┼╙ ╧╞╞ ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 27 ╘HIS RETURNS THE COMPUTER TO TEXT MODE. ╔F YOU WISH TO COMPLETELY LEAVE ╨╟═ AND RETURN TO NORMAL ┬┴╙╔├, ISSUE A ─┼┴├╘╔╓┴╘┼ COMMAND AFTER THIS. ═╒╠╘╔├╧╠╧╥ ╧╬ ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 30 ╘HIS PLACES THE COMPUTER IN MULTICOLOR MODE. ╔F YOU WISH TO DISPLAY A MULTICOLOR SCREEN, YOU SHOULD LOAD THE BITMAP WHEREVER THE ╙┼╘ ┴──╥┼╙╙ HAS PLACED IT, PUT COLOR MEMORY 1 AT THE ADDRESS OF HIGH-RESOLUTION COLOR AND LOAD COLOR MEMORY 2 TO 55296. ═╒╠╘╔├╧╠╧╥ ╧╞╞ ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 33 ╘HIS RETURNS THE COMPUTER TO TEXT MODE. ╔T ACTS JUST LIKE ╚╔╥┼╙ ╧╞╞. 80-├╧╠╒═╬ ├╚┴╥┴├╘┼╥ ─╥╔╓┼╥ ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 36, CHAR ADDRESS, ROW, COLUMN, STRING ╘HIS IS A SPECIAL FORM OF THE NORMAL CHARACTER DRIVER. ╔T ALLOWS 80-COLUMN CHARACTERS TO BE USED, ALONG WITH THE OTHER TYPES OF FONTS. ╔T REQUIRES THE SPECIAL 80-COLUMN CHARACTER SET SUPPLIED. ╘HE ├╚┴╥ ┴──╥┼╙╙ IS THE LOCATION IN MEMORY WHERE THE CHARACTER SET RESIDES. ╥╧╫ IS THE ROW (80-24) THAT THE STRING IS TO BE WRITTEN TO, ├╧╠╒═╬ IS THE COLUMN (0-39) TO START PRINTING AT. ╙╘╥╔╬╟ IS WHAT YOU WISH TO PRINT, WHICH CAN BE IN QUOTES OR IN A STRING VARIABLE. ╞OR 80 COLUMNS, THE STRING MUST BE OF EVEN LENGTH (2,4,6,...). ┘OU CAN USE THE SPECIAL CHARACTER-DRIVER CODES FOR COLOR, UNDERLINING AND DOUBLE HEIGHT. ╘HERE IS NO OPTION FOR DOUBLE-WIDTH 80-COLUMN CHARACTERS, BECAUSE THAT WOULD GIVE NORMAL SIZE CHARACTERS. ├╚┴╥┴├╘┼╥ ─╥╔╓┼╥ ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 39,CHAR ADDRESS, ROW, COLUMN, STRING ╘HIS IS THE MAIN CHARACTER DRIVER. ╔T ALLOWS YOU TO USE ANY TYPE OF CHARACTER FONT YOU WISH AND HAVE THEM ALL ON THE SAME SCREEN AT ONCE. ╘HE ONLY LIMITATION ON THE NUMBER OF FONTS IS THE AMOUNT OF ╥┴═ YOU HAVE TO USE. ├╚┴╥ ┴──╥┼╙╙, ╥╧╫, ├╧╠╒═╬ AND ╙╘╥╔╬╟ ARE AS IN THE 80-COLUMN CHARACTER DRIVER. ┘OU MAY INCLUDE MOST OF THE NORMAL CODES INSIDE THE STRING LIKE CURSORS, COLOR, REVERSE ON/OFF AND CLEAR. ╘HESE WORK JUST LIKE NORMAL QUOTE MODE. ╔N ADDITION, THERE ARE SEVERAL NEW CONTROL CODES YOU CAN USE: ╞1 ─OUBLE HEIGHT ON ╞2 ─OUBLE HEIGHT OFF ╞3 ─OUBLE WIDTH ON ╞4 ─OUBLE WIDTH OFF ╞5 ╒NDERLINE ON ╞6 ╒NDERLINE OFF ╞7 ┼RASE UNDER CHARACTER ╞8 ─ON'T ERASE UNDER CHARACTER ├╘╥╠ ├OLOR ╙ET CHARACTER COLOR ├╘╥╠ ┬ ├OLOR ╙ET CHARACTER BACKGROUND COLOR ╔F YOU WISH TO USE THE STANDARD CHARACTER SETS, THE ├╚┴╥ ┴──╥┼╙╙ SHOULD BE 53248 (UPPERCASE/GRAPHICS) OR 55296 (LOWERCASE/UPPERCASE). ╧THER CHARACTER SETS CAN BE USED. ╙IMPLY ┬╠╧┴─ THEM TO THE DESIRED ADDRESS IN MEMORY AND THEY CAN BE USED WITH THE CHARACTER DRIVER COMMAND. ╧NLY THE NORMAL UNREVERSED CHARACTERS IN A SET ARE NEEDED SINCE REVERSE CHARACTERS CAN BE CREATED AS NEEDED WITH THE CONTROL CODES. ╘HIS ALLOWS YOU TO HAVE A FULL CHARACTER SET IN ONLY HALF THE MEMORY SPACE. ╔F YOU WANT TO SET THE FOREGROUND AND BACKGROUND COLOR WHILE CLEARING THE SCREEN, PRECEDE THE NORMAL ├╠╥/╚╧═┼ KEY WITH "├╘╥╠ ┬/├╘╥╠ ├╧╠╧╥/├╠╥/╚╧═┼" (DO NOT TYPE IN THE SLASH MARKS) INSIDE THE STRING. ╘HE FIRST COLOR IS THE CHARACTER COLOR, WHILE THE SECOND IS THE BACKGROUND COLOR. ╙TRING VARIABLES MUST BE LESS THAN 255 CHARACTERS (254 MAX) JUST AS IN NORMAL ┬┴╙╔├. ┬E CAREFUL WHEN PRINTING AT THE BOTTOM ROW (ROW 24), AS ANY ATTEMPT TO WRITE OUTSIDE THE BOUNDS OF THE SCREEN MEMORY CAN "CRASH" THE 64. ╘HIS MEANS YOU SHOULD NEVER USE DOUBLE HEIGHT CHARACTERS ON ROW 24. ╘HE AMOUNT OF ERROR CHECKING WAS KEPT TO A MINIMUM IN ORDER TO MAKE THIS ONE OF THE FASTEST, IF NOT THE FASTEST, HIGH-RESOLUTION CHARACTER DRIVERS FOR THE 64 ╔F YOU ARE USING THE AREA UNDER THE KERNEL FOR YOUR SCREEN AND THE CHARACTER SET(S) YOU ARE USING ARE BELOW 49152, THEN YOU CANNOT USE THE ─ON'T ┼RASE ╒NDER ├HARACTER OPTION (╞8). ├╧═╨╥┼╙╙ ─┴╘┴ ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 42, START ADDRESS, END ADDRESS, DESTINATION ADDRESS (,"FILENAME (,TYPE)") ╘HIS COMMAND PACKS AN AREA OF MEMORY, SUCH AS A BITMAP SCREEN OR COLOR MEMORY INTO A SMALLER DATA STRUCTURE. ╘HE AMOUNT OF COMPRESSION DEPENDS ON THE DATA. ╙OME DATA WILL COMPRESS A LOT, OTHERS ONLY A LITTLE. ╘HE START ADDRESS IS THE BEGINNING OF THE AREA TO COMPRESS. ╘HE END ADDRESS IS THE LAST BYTE TO COMPRESS. ╘HE DESTINATION ADDRESS CAN BE ANY AREA OF ╥┴═ YOU WISH TO STORE IT IN. ╔F THE DESTINATION ADDRESS IS ZERO, THEN THE DATA IS WRITTEN TO THE DISK AND THE FILE NAME IS REQUIRED. ╔F YOU PACK TO ╥┴═ (DESTINATION ADDRESS IS NOT ZERO), THEN THE ADDRESS OF THE LAST BYTE OF PACKED DATA IS RETURNED IN LOCATIONS 781 AND 782 AND CAN BE CALCULATED AS: ╞INAL ADDRESS = ╨┼┼╦(781) + ╨┼┼╦(782)*256 ╫HILE IN MOST CASES YOUR COMPRESSED DATA WILL BE MUCH SMALLER THAN THE ORIGINAL, IT IS POSSIBLE FOR IT TO BE ONLY SLIGHTLY COMPRESSED AND IN RARE CASES IT COULD BECOME LARGER. ╘HESE DEVIATIONS OCCUR ONLY WHEN THE DATA IS NON-REPEATING (EVERY BYTE IS DIFFERENT). ╒╬├╧═╨╥┼╙╙ ─┴╘┴ ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 45, START ADDRESS, DESTINATION ADDRESS (,"FILENAME (,TYPE)") ╔F THE START ADDRESS IS ZERO, THEN THE DATA FILE GIVEN IN THE FILE NAME WILL BE UNPACKED FROM DISK TO THE DESTINATION ADDRESS. ╞OR AN AREA OF MEMORY LIKE A BITMAP SCREEN, ├╧═╨╥┼╙╙ ─┴╘┴ AND ╒╬├╧═╨╥┼╙╙ ─┴╘┴ TAKE LESS THAN A SECOND TO WORK. ├╧╨┘ ╫╔╬─╧╫ ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 48, DESTINATION ADDRESS, ROW, COLUMN, DELTA ROW, DELTA COLUMN ╘HIS COMMAND WILL STORE THE CONTENTS OF A WINDOW (INCLUDING COLOR) TO THE DESTINATION ADDRESS IN ╥┴═. ╥╧╫ (0-24) AND ├╧╠╒═╬ (0-39) ARE THE STARTING ROW AND COLUMN TO COPY. ─┼╠╘┴ ╥╧╫ (1-25) AND ─┼╠╘┴ ├╧╠╒═╬ (1-40) ARE THE DIMENSIONS OF THE WINDOW YOU WISH TO COPY. ╘HE LAST ADDRESS USED IN ╥┴═ IS CONTAINED IN LOCATIONS 781 AND 782. ╠AST ADDRESS = ╨┼┼╦(781)+╨┼┼╦(782)*256 ╥┼╙╘╧╥┼ ╫╔╬─╧╫ ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 51,START ADDRESS, ROW, COLUMN ╘HIS WILL RESTORE A COPIED WINDOW AT ╙╘┴╥╘ ┴──╥┼╙╙ TO THE SCREEN STARTING AT THE ╥╧╫ (0-24) AND ├╧╠╒═╬ (0-39) GIVEN. ╨╠╧╘ ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 54,╪,┘(,╞├,┬├) ╨LOTS A POINT ON THE HIGH-RESOLUTION SCREEN AT ╪ (0-319) AND ┘ (0-199). ┘OU CAN OPTIONALLY INCLUDE A FOREGROUND COLOR (╞├) AND BACKGROUND COLOR (┬├). (├OLORS ARE 1-15.) ╒╬╨╠╧╘ ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 57,╪,┘ ╒NPLOTS A POINT AT THE GIVEN SCREEN ╪ (0-319) AND ┘ (0-199). ─╥┴╫ ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 60,╪1,┘1,╪2,┘2(,╞├,┬├) ╨LACES A LINE BETWEEN POINTS ╪1,┘1 AND ╪2,┘2 WHERE ╪ IS 0-319 AND ┘ IS 0-199. ╞OREGROUND AND BACKGROUND COLORS ARE OPTIONAL. ╒╬─╥┴╫ ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 63,╪1,┘1,╪2,┘2 ╒NDRAWS A LINE BETWEEN THE GIVEN POINTS. ╪ IS 0-319 AND ┘ IS 0-199. ┬╔╘═┴╨ ╞╔╠╠ ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 66,╪,┘(,╞├,┬├) ╘HIS PAINTS AN ENCLOSED AREA OF THE SCREEN SPECIFIED BY ╪ AND ┘. ╞OREGROUND AND BACKGROUND COLORS ARE OPTIONAL. ╙╨╠╔╘ ┬╧╥─┼╥ ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 69,┬─├1,┬─├2 ╘HIS ALLOWS YOU TO HAVE TWO BORDER COLORS VISIBLE AT ONCE. ╔T IS EFFECTIVE ONLY IN 14-SPRITE MODE. ├OLORS CAN BE 0-15. ╘HE COLORS ARE SPLIT AT THE SCAN LINE (SEE 14-╙╨╥╔╘┼ ═╧─┼.) 3─ ┬┴╥ ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 72,╪,┘,─╪,─┘,╚╘(,╞├,┬├) 3─ ┬┴╥ ALLOWS YOU TO "GROW" A THREE DIMENSIONAL BAR. ╔T CAN ALSO BE USED FOR CUBES OR OTHER 3─ RECTANGULAR SHAPES. ╪ IS THE ╪ COORDINATE OF THE LOWER LEFT CORNER. ─╪ IS THE HORIZONTAL LENGTH OF THE BAR (0-255), ─┘ IS THE DEPTH (0-199) AND ╚╘ IS THE HEIGHT OF THE 3─ BAR (0-199). ╞OREGROUND AND BACKGROUND COLORS ARE OPTIONAL. ╘HE 3─ ┬┴╥ COMMAND HAS EXTENSIVE ERROR CHECKING AND WILL NOT DRAW OUTSIDE THE SCREEN BOUNDARY. ┼╔╟╚╘-╙╨╥╔╘┼ ═╧─┼ ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 75 ╘HIS DE-ACTIVATES 14-SPRITE MODE. ╞OR BEST RESULTS, YOU SHOULD TURN OFF ALL SPRITES, CEASE ANIMATION (IF ANY) AND POSITION SPRITES OFF-SCREEN BEFORE GIVING THIS COMMAND. 14-╙╨╥╔╘┼ ═╧─┼ ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 78,╙├┴╬╠╔╬┼ 1,╙├┴╬╠╔╬┼ 2 ╘HIS ACTIVATES ╨╟═'S 14-SPRITE MODE. ╘HIS MODE ALLOWS THE PROGRAMMER AN EXTRA SIX SPRITES BY USING ADVANCED SYSTEM INTERRUPT TECHNIQUES. ╘HE ╙├┴╬╠╔╬┼'S ARE THE POSITION WHERE THE INTERRUPTS TAKE PLACE. ╙├┴╬╠╔╬┼ 1 CAN BE PLACED ANYWHERE BETWEEN 0 AND 255, WHILE ╙├┴╬╠╔╬┼ 2 CAN ALSO BE BETWEEN 0 AND 255. ╞OR BEST RESULTS, USE 150 FOR ╙├┴╬╠╔╬┼ 1 AND 255 FOR ╙├┴╬╠╔╬┼ 2. ┘OU MAY NEED TO VARY THEM AS YOUR PROGRAM REQUIRES. ╘HIS MODE OFFERS YOU SEVERAL UNIQUE PROPERTIES, BUT CARE MUST BE TAKEN WHEN USING IT. ╘HE SPRITES WILL BE NUMBERED FROM 0-13. ╙PRITES 0-6 ARE IN THE TOP OF THE SCREEN ABOVE ╙├┴╬╠╔╬┼ 1 AND SPRITES 7-13 ARE AT THE BOTTOM, BELOW ╙├┴╬╠╔╬┼ 1. ╙PRITES 0 AND 13 CAN CROSS THE BOUNDARY, BUT SPRITES 1-12 MUST STAY ON THEIR RESPECTIVE SIDES. ┘OU CANNOT USE THE ┴╬╔═┴╘┼ COMMAND TO MOVE A SPRITE ACROSS THE BOUNDARY, BUT THE ╙╨╥╔╘┼ ╨╠╧╘ COMMAND WILL ALLOW SPRITES 0 AND 13 TO CROSS. ╘HE ╩╧┘╙╘╔├╦ COMMAND CAN ALSO BE USED TO MOVE SPRITES 0 AND 13 ACROSS THE BOUNDARY. ╔F YOU ATTEMPT TO MOVE A "SHARED SPRITE" (SPRITES 1-12) ACROSS ╙├┴╬╠╔╬┼ 1, THE RESULTS ARE UNPREDICTABLE. ╔F YOU WISH, YOU CAN USE THE ┴╬╔═┴╘┼ COMMAND TO MOVE SPRITES 0-7 ABOVE ╙├┴╬╠╔╬┼ 1. ╔F YOU ARE ANIMATING SPRITE 7 WHILE IN THE 14-SPRITE MODE, YOU CANNOT USE SPRITE 13. (╘HEY ARE REALLY THE SAME SPRITE.) ╘HERE IS NO PRIVISION FOR ANIMATING SPRITES 8-13. ╞INALLY, IF YOU PUT TOO MUCH STRAIN ON THE INTERRUPT (BY MOVING EIGHT SPRITES AT FULL SPEED WITH THE ┴╬╔═┴╘┼ COMMAND WHILE IN 14-SPRITE MODE), IT COULD CAUSE SOME SPRITE FLICKER. ╘O AVOID THIS, KEEP THE ANIMATED SPRITES AWAY FROM THE SCANLINES AND USE SPEEDS NO FASTER THAN NECESSARY. ╔F YOU ARE GOING TO USE THIS MODE, DO ALL YOUR SPRITE DEFINITIONS AND PLOTTING AFTER ACTIVATING IT. ╘HE INFORMATION FOR SPRITES 0-13 IS KEPT IN TABLES AND THESE ARE NOT UPDATED UNTIL THE MODE IS ACTIVE. ┘OU SHOULD ALSO TURN OFF ALL SPRITES BEFORE EXITING THIS MODE. ╙╨╥╔╘┼ ╧╬/╧╞╞ ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 81, 0 OR 1,SPRITE # (,SPRITE#...) ╘HIS TURNS ONE OR MORE SPRITES OFF AND ON. ╒SE A ZERO TO TURN THEM OFF AND A ONE TO TURN THEM ON. ┘OU CAN TURN ON OR OFF MORE THAN ONE BY SEPARATING THE SPRITE NUMBERS WITH COMMAS, OR TURN ALL OF THEM ON OR OFF BY USING 255 FOR THE SPRITE NUMBER. ╙╨╥╔╘┼ ─┼╞╔╬┼ ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 84,SPRITE #,╨╥,╪╪,┘╪, MODE,├1(,├2,├3) ╘HIS DEFINES A SPRITE. ╘HE SPRITE NUMBER IS THE SPRITE (0-7 IN EIGHT-SPRITE MODE, 0-13 IN 14-SPRITE MODE). ╨╥ IS THE SPRITE BACKGROUND PRIORITY. ┴ ZERO MAKES THE SPRITE APPEAR IN FRONT OF SCREEN DATA, WHILE A ONE MAKES IT GO BEHIND. ╪╪ AND ┘╪ ARE ╪ EXPAND AND ┘ EXPAND. ┴ ONE WILL CAUSE THEM TO EXPAND; ZERO LEAVES THEM UNCHANGED. "═ODE" IS HIGH-RES OR MULTICOLOR, WHERE ZERO INDICATES A HIGH-RESOLUTION SPRITE AND ONE A MULTICOLOR SPRITE. ├1 IS THE SPRITE'S COLOR AND ├2 AND ├3 ARE THE COLORS FOR MULTICOLOR SPRITES AND ARE NEEDED ONLY FOR THOSE. ╙╨╥╔╘┼ ╨╠╧╘ ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 87,╙╨#,╪,┘,╨╘(,├) ╘HIS IS AN ABSOLUTE SPRITE MOVEMENT COMMAND. ╔T WILL LOCATE A GIVEN SPRITE (0-13) AT AN ╪ (0-512) AND ┘ (0-255). ┘OU MUST INCLUDE A POINTER (0-255) AND HAVE THE OPTION FOR A COLOR (0-15). ╘HE SPRITE DATA MUST BE WITHIN THE 16╦ BANK WHERE YOUR SCREEN IS LOCATED. ╙╨╥╔╘┼ ╥┼╞╠┼├╘ ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 90,STARTING POINTER, # OF SPRITES(,DESTINATION POINTER) ╘HIS REFLECTS ONE OR MORE SPRITES, BEGINNING AT A STARTING POINTER (0-1023) FOR A GIVEN NUMBER OF POINTERS. ┘OU HAVE THE OPTION OF DESIGNATING A DESTINATION POINTER (0-1023) WHERE THE NEWLY REFLECTED SPRITES WILL BE STORED. ╔F NO DESTINATION IS GIVEN, THEY ARE STORED BEGINNING AT THE STARTING POINTER. ╘HE SPRITE POINTERS CAN BE ANYWHERE IN THE 64╦ OF THE COMPUTER'S MEMORY, WHICH IS WHY YOU HAVE TO 0-1023 VALUE. ╙╨╥╔╘┼ ╥┼╓┼╥╙┼ ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 93,STARTING POINTER, # OF SPRITES(,DESTINATION POINTER) ╘HIS WILL REVERSE A GIVEN NUMBER OF SPRITES. ╔T WORKS JUST LIKE ╙╨╥╔╘┼ ╥┼╞╠┼├╘. ╙╨╥╔╘┼ ╪╞┼╥ ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 96, STARTING POINTER, # OF SPRITES, DESTINATION POINTER ╘HIS TRANSFERS A SPRITE OR SERIES OF SPRITES BEGINNING AT A STARTING POINTER (0-1023) TO A DESTINATION POINTER (0-1023). ╘HIS IS VERY USEFUL WHEN YOU NEED MORE SPRITES THAN YOU HAVE ROOM FOR IN THE 16╦ BANK OF YOUR SCREEN. ┘OU CAN TRANSFER THEM IN AS NEEDED, USING THE SAME AREA FOR EACH. ┴╬╔═┴╘┼ ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 99,╙╨#,╪,┘,╙╨─(,┬╨, ┼╨,═╨╙(,╞┬╨,╞┼╨,╞╙╨)) ╘HIS COMMAND ALLOWS YOU TO AUTOMATICALLY MOVE AND ANIMATE SPRITES 0-7 WITHOUT ANY INTERVENTION FROM ┬┴╙╔├ ONCE THE COMMAND IS GIVEN. ╙╨# IS THE SPRITE NUMBER (0-7), ╪ IS THE ╪ LOCATION TO GO TO (0-512), ┘ IS THE ┘ LOCATION (0-255) AND ╙╨─ IS THE ANIMATE SPEED (0-255). ╧NE IS THE FASTEST SPEED AND 255 IS THE SLOWEST. ┌ERO WILL CAUSE IT TO NOT ANIMATE. ╘HE FIRST SET OF OPTIONAL PARAMETERS ARE FOR THE INTERNAL ANIMATION, WHILE THE SPRITE IS MOVING TO LOCATION ╪,┘. ┬╨ IS THE BEGINNING POINTER AND ┼╨ IS THE ENDING POINTER. ═╨╙ IS THE MOVING POINTER SPEED (0-255), WHERE, AGAIN, ONE IS THE FASTEST, 255 THE SLOWEST AND ZERO WILL STOP THE INTERNAL ANIMATION. ╘HIS WILL ALLOW A SPRITE TO CHANGE ITS POINTER (WHICH POINTS TO ITS SHAPE) DYNAMICALLY WHILE IT IS MOVING. ╘HE MOVING POINTER SPEED (═╨╙) IS HOW FAST TO CHANGE THE POINTER WHILE MOVING. ╘HESE POINTERS MUST BE IN CONSECUTIVE ORDER. ╘HE FINAL SET OF OPTIONS DICTATES WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THE SPRITE REACHES ITS DESTINATION. ╘HEY ALLOW IT TO START ANOTHER INTERNAL ANIMATION SEQUENCE AT ANOTHER GIVEN SPEED. ╞┬╨ IS THE FINAL BUFFER POINTER AFTER THE DESTINATION IS REACHED, ╞┼╨ IS THE FINAL ENDING POINTER AND ╞╙╨ IS THE FINAL POINTER-CHANGE SPEED. ┴LL POINTERS ARE 0-255, WHILE BOTH SPEEDS ARE 0-255, WITH ONE THE FASTEST AND 255 THE SLOWEST. ├┼┴╙┼ ┴╬╔═┴╘╔╧╬ ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 102,╙╨#,╨╘ ╘HIS CAUSES A SPRITE (0-7) TO STOP ANIMATING AND QUIT AT A SPECIFIED POINTER, ╨╘ (0-255). ╔T IS RECOMMENDED THAT YOU ISSUE A ├┼┴╙┼ ┴╬╔═┴╘┼ COMMAND AFTER FINISHING YOUR ANIMATION SEQUENCE. ╩╧┘╙╘╔├╦ ╧╬ ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 105,╙╨#,SPEED ╘HIS IS THE MOUSE EMULATOR. ╙╨# CAN BE ANY SPRITE FROM 0-13 AND SPEED IS FROM 0-255. ╘HIS SPEED IS THE NUMBER OF PIXELS THE SPRITE WILL BE MOVED EACH TIME THE JOYSTICK IS USED. ┘OU CAN ALSO USE THE CURSOR KEYS INSTEAD OF THE JOYSTICK. ╔N 14-SPRITE MODE, ALL THE SPRITES WILL WORK BUT ONLY SPRITES 0 AND 13 CAN CROSS THE SCANLINE BOUNDARY. ╩╧┘╙╘╔├╦ ╧╞╞ ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 108 ╘HIS DE-ACTIVATES THE JOYSTICK MOUSE EMULATOR. ├╧╠╧╥ ╫╔╬─╧╫ ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 111,ROW,COLUMN,─ROW, ─COLUMN,╞├,┬├ ╘HIS FILLS A WINDOW WITH A SPECIFIED COLOR COMBINATION. ╥╧╫ IS THE STARTING ROW (0-24) AND ├╧╠╒═╬ IS THE STARTING COLUMN (0-39). ─╥╧╫ IS THE NUMBER OF ROWS DOWN (1-25) AND ─├╧╠╒═╬ IS THE NUMBER OF COLUMNS OVER (1-40). ╞├ AND ┬├ ARE FOREGROUND AND BACKGROUND COLORS. ╥┼╓┼╥╙┼ ╫╔╬─╧╫ ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 114,REVERSE VALUE, ROW,COLUMN,─ROW,─COLUMN ╘HIS WILL REVERSE THE BITMAP WITHIN A WINDOW DEFINED BY ╥╧╫ (0-24), ├╧╠╒═╬ (0-39), ─╥╧╫ (1-25) ┴╬─ ─├╧╠╒═╬ (1-40). ╘HE REVERSE VALUE SHOULD BE 255. ┴NY OTHER VALUE CAN BE USED FOR UNUSUAL EFFECTS IN THE WINDOW DISPLAY. ╞╔╠╠ ╫╔╬─╧╫ ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 117,FILL VALUE,ROW, COLUMN,─ROW,─COLUMN ╘HIS IS USED TO SELECTIVELY FILL A WINDOW'S BITMAP. ┴ FILL VALUE OF ZERO WOULD CLEAR IT, WHILE 255 WOULD MAKE IT SOLID. ╧THER VALUES CAN BE USED FOR SPECIAL EFFECTS. ╥╧╫ OS 0-24, ├╧╠╒═╬ IS 0-39, ─╥╧╫ IS 1-25 AND ─├╧╠╒═╬ IS 1-40. ─╔╥┼├╘╧╥┘ ╥┼┴─┼╥ ╙┘╙ ┬┴ + 120 ╘HIS WILL RETURN A STRING OF 32 CHARACTERS THAT CONTAINS A FILE NAME FROM YOUR DISK DIRECTORY. ╘HE STRING SHOULD BE DEFINED BEFORE ANY OTHER VARIABLE IN YOUR PROGRAM AS A STRING OF 32 SPACES. ╘HIS REQUIRES SOME SETUP IN YOUR ┬┴╙╔├, BUT ENABLES YOU TO PLACE THE DIRECTORY OF A DISK INTO VARIABLES WITHIN YOUR PROGRAM. ╔T IS ALSO VERY FAST. ╥EFER TO THE SMALL PROGRAM CALLED ─╔╥┼├╘╧╥┘ ╥┼┴─┼╥ FOR PROGRAMMING INFORMATION ON THIS FUNCTION. ╘HIS FILE WAS PAINSTAKINGLY TYPED IN BY ╘HE ╙HARK! FROM THE ╨╟═ ARTICLE IN THE ╞EB./═ARCH 1986 ├OMMODORE ╨OWER/╨LAY MAGAZINE BY ─AVID ╨. ─ARUS, ╦EN ╞RENCH, AND ╠OUIS ╥. ╫ALLACE. ╘HE PROGRAM HAS BEEN GRACIOUSLY PLACED IN THE PUBLIC DOMAIN BY THE AUTHORS. ╞OR AN OVERVIEW OF ╨╟═-64, TIPS ON ITS USE, AND MEMORY MAP, SEE ╨╟═ ╧╓┼╥╓╔┼╫.─╧├.